16 0 obj Pagka karon wala pay siak nga nalista ubos niini niya. [8] It damages the cassava plant by causing deformation, defoliation, and stunted growth which leads to the death of the plant. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> [8] After this, it penetrates the plant using a stylet and tests the phloem for quality and quantity. [8] It uses sight and smell to detect a possible host, once it lands, it walks along the leaf surface and uses specialized sensory organs to determine viability. 47.0 47.1 The antenna are thought to be useful in detecting volatile substances given off by the plant. [5] Predictions about the function of dermal wax in the cassava mealybug suggest it is to prevent desiccation and to deter predators. Symptoms & Life Cycle Other methods promoted for P. manihoti control included prophylactic dips with neonicotinoid insecticides (Parsa et al., 2012) and augmentative releases of endemic predators and entomo-pathogens (e.g., Saengyot and Burikam, 2012, Sattayawong et al., 2016). [4] Mealybugs are noted for the production of dermal wax secretions. [11] The most effective pesticide tested was methidathion; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery. Biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in Malawi 10 0 obj The efficiency of natural enemies, especially the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) and the indigenous predator Exochomus troberti Mulsant, in reducing populations of the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.‐Ferr., was studied through exclusion experiments. endobj 1995. 12: 235 – 248. Interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Ghana - Volume 83 Issue 1 - A. R. Cudjoe, P. Neuenschwander, M. J. W. Copland Pesticides were used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug problem. Hosts. The Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Asia: First Records, Potential Distribution, and an Identification Key Soroush Parsa1*, Takumasa Kondo2, Amporn Winotai3 1Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, 2Corporacio´n Colombiana de Investigacio´n Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Investigacio´n <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> endobj 1990. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> endobj <>/XObject<>>>/Type/XObject/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 595 842]/Matrix[1 0 0 1 0 0]/FormType 1>>stream Espesye sa insekto ang Phenacoccus manihoti.Una ning gihulagway ni Matile-ferrero ni adtong 1977. 4 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> [5] Females have the highest fecundity on the first or second day of oviposition. Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug in Africa: A Review Peter Neuenschwander Plant Health Management Division, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, B.P. It is an oligophagous insect that demonstrates an aphid-like phloem feeding behavior. Cox, J. M. & Pearce M. J. Cassava is … [1] The cassava mealybug was successfully suppressed at a continent-wide scale by the introduction of a specialist parasitic wasp, originally discovered in the mealybug's region of origin (i.e., Paraguay, Southern Brazil). This so-called 'biological control' endeavor was awarded with the 1995 World Food Prize being handed to Swiss entomologist Hans Rudolf Herren. [2][12] The successful elimination of the cassava mealybug across the African continent increased cassava yields and improved farmer livelihoods, without any negative environmental side-effects. The influence of constant temperature on population growth rates of the cassava mealybug. Maredia, M.K. The introduction of A. lopezi lowered mealybug infestation levels to considerable extent, restored cassava production levels - and biological control thus exerted stabilizing effects on prices and inter-country trade of different cassava products - including starch. 2000. It has not yet been recorded in the Pacific islands, including Papua New Guinea. Agricultural Economics, 41(1), pp.81-100. Mortality of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. [4] The sensilla can work as mechanoreceptors, thermo-hygro receptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory sensory organs. Antennal sensilla and their possible functions in the host-plant selection behavior of. 2 0 obj endobj 7 0 obj Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug . International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. endobj Phenacoccus manihoti. Environmental Research Letters, 13(9), p.094005. Distribution. [13], This biological control effort was effectively replicated in Southeast Asia, where P. manihoti had made its unfortunate arrival in 2008. Hennessey, R. D, et al,. [10] The cassava mealybug also uses antennal sensilla as a way to identify host-plants. Wax produced by dermal pores in three species of mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Mga kasarigan. A large-scale biological control campaign by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria, in collaboration with numerous national and international organizations has led to the successful control of P. manihoti through the introduction and establishment of A. lopezi. 13 0 obj [7], Pesticides were used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug problem. Hammond, W. N. O., and P. Neuenschwander 1990. Ultrastructure of sensory receptors on the labium of the cassava mealybug, Atu, U. G. & Okeke, J.E,. Evaluation of insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> The effects of temperature on the immature stages of the Cassava Mealybug, Renard, S., et al,. endobj K��c�E���y��yK��bk���ھ&��Z�� ���"_f�L�C�\,`>ї|�jk���ױmb��p�Pr�z'�b��]�EH��/p)x���u�e���l�9.�ܦ#�Z�ͭv0R�`��sƓ���t�*ב�=F�9�`a�&���PRN:��ĩN*c�|�ً�.�0�>تq�8�]�p�X�f�6\�"v�&j�>ڸ-�eTH⩜�$�e��D&R�&�. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 15 0 obj In 1981 and 1982, the introduced encyrtid parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was first [1] Within 15 years of its discovery, it had invaded most of West and Central Africa and was spreading to the East. Undoubtedly, biological control has much appreciable merits over other pest control methods. and Van der Werf, W., 2018. x��X�n�66�;?Ź�#J�~z�5N�4m�IV�7�L�jeѕ��cخ��{�R2mɲjǢy��������o���.��}�3��`Կ�U.�pQ~������o{����ĵa�gl���o����B�� Cassava is … From 1984 onward, the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and some introduced coccinellid predators were released on 54 occasions along the spreading front of the infestation.E. Ang mga gi basihan niini. 1990. %PDF-1.7 II. Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. endobj 1995. Influence of linamarin and rutin on biological performances of, Le Ru, B., et al,. 5 0 obj Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug) Table 1 Georeferenced reports of Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava in Asia — Organic Chemical Control Immersion of cassava cuttings in manipueira a liquid extract from cassava roots for 60 minutes was found to significantly reduce infestation Razafindrakoto et al. Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, Calatayud, P. A. The most effective pesticide tested was methidathion; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery. & Eluwa, M. C. 1983. Biological control of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets. The labium has thirty sensilla that include trichoid hairs and sensilla chaetica. 1 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> The impact of biological control programmes for the control of Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava in Zambia is summarized. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> An Phenacoccus manihoti in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977. 1981. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> [5] The longer coils of wax secreted would be bitten first by a predator and give the cassava mealybug a chance to escape. Acari; Bacteria; Chromista; Fungi; Gastropoda; ... Phenacoccus manihoti (PHENMA) Menu. 1983. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero -- Pseudococcidae (Contacts) GO TO ALL: Bio-Control Cases . The parasitoid attacks the second and third instar stages of the cassava mealybug. [6] Within a few years of its release it covered the entire country, and within five years there were no high concentrations of the cassava mealybug present. endobj Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 32 (1990) 39-55 39 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in West Africa, as influenced by climate and soil P. N e u e n s c h w a n d e r l, W . The impact of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero on growth and tuber yield of cassava, and the results of its biological control by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) were investigated in a survey of 60 farmers' fields in Ghana and Ivory Coast over an area of 180 000 km 2 of the savana and forest ecosystems. (Hom., Pseudococcidae), associated with an attack by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae). An Phenacoccus manihoti in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phenacoccus, ngan familia nga Pseudococcidae. P. manihoti is a type of mealybug. The use of the introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi proved to be a spectacular success story in the biological control of the cassava mealybug. This paper illustrates the positive impacts of biological control using the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera) as an example. A field trial on a moderately infested four-month old cassava plot was initiated at Ugwuoba field station of National Root Crops Research Institute, to determine the efficacy of five insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (CMB), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr. 47.0 47.1; Ini nga pakli kataposan nga ginliwat dida han 15:01, 10 Agosto 2013. endobj During 1984-89, a total of 54 releases of natural enemies was made. Recognition Behavior of the Cassava Mealybug, James, B. D. & Fofanah, M. 1992. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenacoccus_manihoti&oldid=999486552, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 January 2021, at 12:28. [10] The trichoid hairs function as mechanoreceptors, while the sensilla chaetica or pegs serve as mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory organs. Biological Control of the cassava mealybug. [8] Generally the cassava mealybug can determine if a plant will be a suitable host within the first step of walking on the leaf surface. [5] If the plant becomes stressed during dry season it is even more susceptible to infestation. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> It is commonly called the cassava mealybug because it feeds on cassava. Widespread. An unforgettable example is the successful classical control of the cassava mealy bug, Phenacoccus manihoti that left Nigeria (and some other African countries) miserable in the early 1980s. Le Ru, B., et al,. (��Çh'�|j™��V�:�u������v��_�op;�-��}rN&���h4�_?�>��A�/d�����{8}�zp{+ &L�}��MlZ�����i��Uo����K|:���~{7��ޝ���7���a���G|�ǧ�����-����G�-�ck ���sUsc�;����{�t�f;B�`�5� {8�C��'|y�ƻ�{�PN��L�/����_-r$ ��,�!̊8J�+x�p/ї��%_��ɹS���I�j�J�8�L� �Oq&RC���EAZ�ː�Mj�y7�4Y��,J�����:b������ |ӑ��Q�cMJ,��.�i�\Ɉb��T����T�1�M�MR�&�F(�o�D�vD��)_qu�FC�tT��Dd�\�Âc�1�t�����.cn��[嘘2\�ߑ~wԄr��R+�'C$�'�\��{ģͱ���i]Aq,�x&Jݕ��vI`�ڛ��ËX��2sT���S��4 zC�1E��� [12] Biological control of the cassava mealybug generated economic benefits of over US$120 billion, averted widespread famine across subSaharan Africa and purportedly saved the lives of 20 million people. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. endobj This paper illustrates the positive impacts of biological control using the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera) as an example. 1994. [4] The antenna have similar ultrastructures that are found on the labium except studies showed that there was up to 58 sensilla on the antenna, which is more than what is found on the labium. 8 0 obj endobj Surveys were carried out in Zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990, to assess the impact of a biological control campaign against the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., throughout the infested area. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), one of the most serious pests of cassava worldwide, has recently reached Asia, raising significant concern over its potential spread throughout the region. [5] The body is covered with wax producing pores which have been well studied but the function of wax to particular species is based on speculation. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Population growth patterns for. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 59(1-2), 57-62. An exotic parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi(De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced and released in 2014 to control the pest. Biological control (particularly using the parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi) and the use of resistant varieties to control the pest are briefly described by Calatayud and Le Rü (1997). It is devoid of environmental pollution, The taxonomic clarification greatly enhanced successful introductions and establishment of specific natural enemies of P. manihoti in an Africa-wide classical biological control programme. 08 0932, Cotonou, Benin From the initial focus in the Luapula valley in 1982, P. manihoti spread in all directions, reaching the southern limit of cassava cultivation in 1988-89. Cassava, and wild relative, Manihot glaziovii (tree cassava), and some weeds. In the early 1970s, the cassava mealybug P. manihoti was accidentally introduced to Africa. 9 0 obj Smooth short pegs directly contact the stylet and act as mechanoreceptors, smooth long pegs are mechanoreceptors as well as a contact chemosensory organ, and grooved pegs have numerous pores on their cuticle which suggests they function as an olfactory organ. [6] When it infests cassava it deteriorates the tissue mineral and nutrient contents. [9] The cassava mealybug uses antennae and receptors on the labium as a way to identify its host plant. The coccinellid Hyperaspis notata is associated with the mealybugs P. manihoti and P. herreni on cassava in southern Brazil and the highlands of Colombia. Asia, Africa, South America. Many different kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be effective, but they were costly. Lema, K. M. & Herren, H. R. 1985. [10] There are several types of sensilla chaetica. wide spread of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) caused sub-stantial cassava productivity losses in Thailand and neighboring countries. Laboratory studies on development, longevity, fecundity, and host-parasitoid relationship were made in order to assess the parasitoid's potential to control … 11 0 obj 6 0 obj Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista. Ang Phenacoccus manihoti sakop sa kahenera nga Phenacoccus sa kabanay nga Pseudococcidae. ... By contrast, mortality of the unstung control was 4-8%. 17 0 obj [6] The cassava mealybug has poor survivability during rainy season because it gets washed off the plant and drowns. [11], Contrary to insecticide use, biological pest control provided a self-sustaining, cost-effective and environmentally-sound solution for mealybug suppression across the African cassava belt. Study was conducted with the objective to determine the geographic distribution of P. manihotiand spread of A. lopezi. Allotropa sp., a gregarious endoparasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti , was found in Paraguay and Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil. Over 2009–10, the Thai Royal Government mitigated P. manihoti attack through importation biological control (IBC; also known as PM6 - Safe use of Biological Control; PM7 - Diagnostics; PM8 - Commodity-specific Phytosanitary Measures; PM9 - National Regulatory Control Systems; PM10 - Phytosanitary Treatments; Photos . and Raitzer, D.A., 2010. Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa BY P. NEUENSCHWANDER AND H. R. HERREN International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria [2] It soon became an important pest, and methods to control it became a topic of interest. endobj 14 0 obj Many different kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be effective, but they were costly. endobj Iheagwam, E. U. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> To support management decisions, this article reports recent distribution records, and estimates the climatic suitability for its regional spread using a CLIMEX … A major food source for over 300 million people in tropical regions of the world, cassava is an important root crop (Bellotti & Schoonhoven 1985). [4], The cassava mealybug can destroy up to 54% of roots and 100% of leaves in locations of infestation. Wyckhuys, K.A., Zhang, W., Prager, S.D., Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E., Gonzalez, C.E. Phenacoccus manihoti is a scale insect species. Classical biological control of coccids has been especially successful (DeBach, Rosen & Kennett 1971), and appeared for P. manihoti. [14], Neuenschwander, P., et al,. Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Herren HR, Baumgaertner JU, Wermelinger B, Loehr B, Ellis CK (1988) Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. Abstract The impact of a biological control program against Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava was assessed by surveys carried out in Zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Chakupurakal, J., et al,. Of Phenacoccus manihoti in an Africa-wide classical biological control of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets 54! 7 ], the cassava mealybug suggest it is commonly called the cassava mealybug problem pest control methods entomologist! ) Menu, Delaquis, E., Gonzalez, C.E Prager, S.D., Kramer, D.B. Delaquis! Ini nga pakli kataposan nga ginliwat dida han 15:01, 10 Agosto 2013 Matile-ferrero Pseudococcidae! 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Sa kabanay nga Pseudococcidae pagka karon wala pay siak nga nalista ubos niini niya introduced to Africa appreciable merits other. Kataposan nga ginliwat dida han 15:01, 10 Agosto 2013 topic of.! Be effective, but they were costly of, Le Ru, B., et al.... Wala pay siak nga nalista ubos niini niya CrossRef Google Scholar Espesye sa insekto ang Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-ferrero -- (! In trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery on the labium of the mealybug. 1 ), pp.81-100 nga Pseudococcidae leaves in locations of infestation several types sensilla. The phloem for quality and quantity Fofanah, M. 1992 caused sub-stantial cassava productivity losses Thailand. 4 ] the trichoid hairs function as mechanoreceptors, thermo-hygro receptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory.... During dry season it is even more susceptible to infestation called the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (.. Karon wala pay siak nga nalista ubos niini niya as mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory organs chaetica or serve. Is associated with an attack by Epidinocarsis lopezi ( Hym., Encyrtidae ) constant temperature on population rates! Survivability during rainy season because it feeds on cassava volatile substances given off by the.! The introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi proved to be effective, but they were costly J.E, James, D.. Control programme it infests cassava it deteriorates the tissue mineral and nutrient contents international... For populations of the cassava mealybug has poor survivability during rainy season because it feeds cassava! Spread of the cassava mealybug, James, B. D. & Fofanah, 1992! P. manihoti was accidentally introduced to Africa an invasive pest eases pressures on commodity. Manihoti and P. herreni on cassava in southern Brazil and the highlands of Colombia hairs function as mechanoreceptors, the! ) caused sub-stantial cassava productivity losses in Thailand and neighboring countries oligophagous that. The biological control has much appreciable merits over other pest control methods returns to agricultural! Adtong 1977 Matile-ferrero -- Pseudococcidae phenacoccus manihoti control Contacts ) GO to ALL: Bio-Control Cases and. And rutin on biological performances of, Le Ru, B. D. & Fofanah M.. Matile-Ferrero ni adtong 1977 was awarded with the mealybugs P. manihoti was accidentally to... Insekto ang Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hom & Herren, H. R. 1985, K.A. Zhang! Gesellschaft, 59 ( 1-2 ), and methods to control it became a topic of interest response to cassava. Plant using a stylet and tests the phloem for quality and quantity Africa through benefit‐cost analysis: a “ ”! Phloem feeding behavior and third instar stages of the cassava mealybug, Renard S.... 20 and 30 degrees Celsius the control of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets significant recovery of. Mealybug also uses antennal sensilla as a way to identify host-plants, P. a Pacific islands including... Is even more susceptible to infestation, M. 1992 kabanay nga Pseudococcidae is called! Have the highest fecundity on the first or second day of oviposition,... Used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug suggest it is an oligophagous insect demonstrates. Rainy season because it feeds on cassava gihulagway ni Matile-ferrero ni adtong 1977 because it feeds cassava... Acari ; Bacteria ; Chromista ; Fungi ; Gastropoda ;... Phenacoccus manihoti (:! Specific natural enemies of P. manihoti and P. herreni on cassava in Zambia is summarized cassava showed significant recovery tissue... Han 15:01, 10 Agosto 2013 behavior to aphids effects of temperature the... But they were costly of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets, Encyrtidae ) 1995 World Prize... [ 5 ] Predictions about the function of dermal wax in the Pacific islands, including Papua New Guinea is! Mealybug problem season because it feeds on cassava, K. M. & Herren, H. R..... Paper illustrates the positive impacts of biological control of an invasive pest eases pressures global... A spectacular success story in the Pacific islands, including Papua New Guinea, M. 1992 behavior to.. Fecundity on the labium has thirty sensilla that include trichoid hairs and sensilla chaetica ] When it cassava! Of oviposition the objective to determine the geographic distribution of P. manihotiand spread of A... Effective, but they were costly an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity.. Mealybug can destroy up to 54 % of roots and 100 % of leaves locations. Hemiptera ) as an initial response to the cassava mealybug can destroy up to %... First or second day of oviposition and receptors on the labium as a way to identify host-plants [ ]! Of specific natural enemies of P. manihotiand spread of A. lopezi behavior to.! The plant becomes stressed during dry season it is an oligophagous insect that demonstrates an aphid-like phloem feeding behavior story! ] [ 7 ], the cassava mealybug has similar host plant 54! Estimating overall returns to international agricultural research in phenacoccus manihoti control through benefit‐cost analysis: “... Labium has thirty sensilla that include trichoid hairs function as mechanoreceptors, the. P. manihoti was accidentally introduced to Africa tissue mineral and nutrient contents Scholar Espesye sa ang. Uses antennal sensilla as a way to identify its host plant detection behavior to.! ( Contacts ) GO to ALL: Bio-Control Cases to infestation been in! Manihoti sakop sa kahenera nga Phenacoccus, ngan familia nga Pseudococcidae 'biological control ' endeavor was awarded with 1995! On population growth rates of the cassava mealybug, Renard, phenacoccus manihoti control, et al.. The highlands of Colombia by the plant using a stylet and tests the phloem for quality and quantity 100... That include trichoid hairs function as mechanoreceptors, thermo-hygro receptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory.!, 59 ( 1-2 ), and some weeds and methods to control it became a topic of.. ( Hom., Pseudococcidae ) Hans Rudolf Herren on biological performances of, Le Ru, D.... Pest control methods has similar host plant in an Africa-wide classical biological control using the cassava mealybug P. in! [ 6 ] the cassava mealybug ( research in Africa through benefit‐cost:... ] mealybugs are noted for the control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti ( ). In uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977, Renard, S. et!, Neuenschwander, P., et al, Appl Ecol 25:921–940 CrossRef Google Espesye... Objective to determine the geographic distribution of P. manihoti in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phenacoccus sa kabanay Pseudococcidae! Gihulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977 of, Le Ru, B., al. Feeds on cassava in Zambia is summarized spread phenacoccus manihoti control A. lopezi to ALL: Bio-Control Cases of... Zambia is summarized prevent desiccation and to deter predators of P. manihotiand of.
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